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Abstract：Tess of the D'Urbervilles is one of Thomas Hardy's masterpieces. In this novel, the heroine Tess is an attractive, beautiful and kind girl, who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. However, the life of Tess is tragic. Throughout the whole text, we could get a conclusion that Tess's Tragedy is inevitable. She is not only the victim of the Victorian society, but also the victim of her own personalities.
In this novel, through the description of Tess's miserable life, Hardy exposes and criticizes the darkness of the capitalist system, the moral, ethics, and religion. Tess's tragedy is the tragedy of the lower class who wants to pursue the individual ideal happiness under the control of the capitalist system. This is the typical significance of the book. Because the humanitarian spirit is permeated into Tess's life, she is endurable in those disasters. Therefore, Tess's destruction is exceptionally lamentable, and sentimental.
Tess's fate is tragic, and then what leads to tragedy? And who is the chief culprit? In this paper, I will clarify the causes from three aspects: the environment, Tess’s characters and the view of Thomas Hardy.
Key Words: Tess of the D'Urbervilles Tragedy Causes
摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代的杰出代表作之一。苔丝美丽而又善良的姑娘，她坚韧不拔而且拥有自我牺牲精神。这样的苔丝却拥有一个悲惨的结局。纵观整部小说，我们可以说苔丝的悲剧是必然的。她是维多利亚社会的牺牲品，同时也是她自我性格的牺牲品。
哈代通过对苔丝悲惨遭遇的描写，揭露和批判了资本主义制度的黑暗，对资产阶级的伦理道德、法律、宗教信仰提出了强烈的抗议。苔丝的悲剧是资本主义制度下，下层劳动者追求个人理想幸福必然毁灭的悲剧，这是她的典型意义所在。正因为苔丝的人生渗透了人道主义精神，主人公为此而受难，并在灾难中坚韧不拔，从而具有巨大的精神价值。因此，她的毁灭格外令人痛惜和感伤.
苔丝的命运是悲惨的，那么究竟是什么导致了苔丝悲剧的发生呢？谁又是罪魁祸首呢？在这篇文章中，我将从社会环境、苔丝个人性格以及托马斯·哈代的宿命论思想这三个方面探讨造成苔丝悲剧的原因。
关键词：《德伯家的苔丝》 悲剧 成因