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摘要:加入WTO以后,我国商业银行面临的风险扩大,为了更好地应对风险,借鉴国际上先进银行的做法,建设银行于2002年初步建立起经济资本分配方法,经济资本从此正式在我国商业银行中开始发展。本文首先从经济资本的产生背景着手,以商业银行经济资本的测度方法为研究对象,在介绍经济资本理论的有关概念的基础上,针对信用、市场和操作三大风险分别讨论各自的经济资本测度方法,对信用风险的监管类和市场类测度方法进行比较后发现Credit Risk+模型在我国有应用基础;对于市场风险,内部模型法更适合我国商业银行;而对于操作风险,将我国四大商业银行的实际数据代入基本指标法和标准法后计算得出的资本与实际所需资本相差较大,故对于操作风险,我国缺乏可以发展的测度方法。然后介绍了经济资本配置的含义和意义,并分析了基于经济资本的绩效考核指标:RAROC和EVA,其中RAROC首次将风险和收益结合起来,EVA则考虑了股东的利益。最后分析了我国四大行目前的经济资本管理现状和它们所反映出的我国商业银行经济资本管理中存在的问题:比如历史数据缺乏、模型使用受限、经济资本配置不完善等等,并针对这些问题提出相应的对策建议。
关键词:商业银行;经济资本;计量方法;应用
ABSTRACT:After China joined the WTO, commercial banks face more risk .In order to better cope with risk, drawing on advanced international banks, China Construction Bank initially established the economic capital allocation method in 2002, so the economic capital began to develop formally in our commercial banks. In this paper, starting from the background of economic capital and taking the methods of economic capital measurement as the research object, I introduce the related theories of economic capital, and then discuss the economic capital measurement methods of the credit, market and operational risk.After comparising the supervision and market measure methods,I find Credit Risk+ model is the best for China. For the market risk, the internal model method is more suitable for our commercial bank.And for the operational risk, according to the data of the four major commercial banks in China,I calculate the economic capital and compare it with the bank’s actual capital.I find the difference between them is very very large,so these two methods are not suitable for China. Then I introduce the meaning and significance of economic capital allocation, and analyze the performance evaluation indicators basing on economic capital: RAROC and EVA. RAROC firstly combinest risk and return together and EVA considers the interests of the shareholders. Finally I analyze the the present situation of the economic capital management in China and the problems they reflect: such as the lack of historical data, the limited use of model , unperfect economic capital allocation and so on. At last,I put forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to solve these problems.
Keywords: commercial banks; economic capital; measurement methods; implementation
本文在查阅大量文献的基础上,采用文献法资料法介绍了商业银行资本的三种形式:监管资本、账面资本、经济资本,并对国内外目前的研究状况进行了简单的综述;然后分别针对信用、市场和操作三大风险讨论各自的经济资本测度方法,运用比较分析法分析了各种方法的利弊,并在比较分析的基础上结合我国四大行的数据对操作风险的两个测度方法:基本指标法和标准法进行了实证分析。最终,经过比较分析、文献资料法等方法找出适合我国商业银行的经济资本测度方法,同时发现了我国商业银行经济资本管理中存在的问题:比如历史数据缺乏、模型使用受限、经济资本配置不完善等等,并针对这些问题提出相应的对策建议。
首先是文章的绪论,介绍了商业银行经济资本的发展背景和研究,并对国内外的相关文献进行了回顾,提出了本文的研究方法和结构。然后针对巴塞尔协议下商业银行的信用风险、操作风险和市场风险三大风险,分别介绍其经济资本度量模型和应用,并进行比较分析。在经济资本配置的基础上,介绍了绩效考核系统的两个核心机制:风险和收益约束机制和绩效评价和激励机制,前者是以经济资本为核心的机制,而后者则是以经济增加值为核心的机制。接着叙述了经济资本管理在中国四大国有商业银行的应用现状,指出其目前在我国的应用中存在的问题并有针对性的提出相应的建议。最后给出总结和展望。